Stress And Pain In Labour Health And Social Care Essay

Stress And Pain In repel Health And Social Care EssayLabour is a series of events that takes place in the genital organs in an effort to throw away the viable products of conception through the vagina in to egresser world. During labour, the women make love several(prenominal) degree of stress, discomfort and severe anguish as her system responds to the cause of physical changes that prepare her to give birth. Labour process is a veridical phenomenon. During the labour period mother have stress, anxiety, discomfort and severe pain. A scientific definition of pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. The investigator had seen several gravida I mothers during first stage of labour with severe pain and discomfort. During the clinical experience. So that minimizing maternal discomfort and severe pain apprehension poor end of labour. And promoting the maternal comfort the nurse can help the mother to frig around relief from pain and suffering.The nursing management with ambulation has significant effect on improve maternal comfort, consequent of labour and reduce pain perception which helps to promote the comfort of the mother and its use is simple and has an significant healing(predicate) care.The main study was conducted at Maternal and child healthy GOSHA hospital, vizianagaram territory Andhra Pradesh. The 60 primi gravida mothers who fulfilled the inclusive and exclusive criteria were selected for the study, out of which 30 mothers were observational group and 30 of them control group and sample selected by victimisation simple random sampling method by drawing off method. pay back who came chthonian group A lottery will come under the experimental group and mother who came under group B lottery will come under control group. After assessing the pre test aim of maternal comfort, pain perception the investigator provided ambulation technique for experimental group. Ambulation is a slow walking for 15mts with the interval of 15mts assessment of each primi gravida mothers in experimental group. Routine hospital intervention for control group. After the third screening the post test level of maternal comfort, pain perception and out come of labour was assessed by using maternal comfort assessment tool and graphic rating scale and scored.The findings of the study revealed that the calculated t value was The t value of the level of maternal comfort betwixt experimental and control group is8.13.The t value of the level of pain perception between experimental and control group is15.1. Thet value of the outcome of labour between experimental and control group is 8.63 which showed low statistical significant at (p

Contemporary Issues in Strategic Marketing

Contemporary Issues in Strategic tradeContemporary Issues in Strategic MarketingYour manager has been to a trade seminar on The suffice Dominant Logic. He has asked you to produce a paper on the intimations of implementing an SDK course of study within the firm embraces both the strategic and tactical implications and the speak tos and the benefits.Implications of renovation- prevailing logicNowadays, we command to pin down up strategies and tactics in a fresh way due to the huge channelises happening in both eat and trade surround. Due to the much(prenominal) and to a greater extent primary(prenominal) role merchandising plays in incorporated operation, understanding and implementing strategy from merchandisings view could plead firms a useful means to reconfigure corporate mensurate and management concept. In 2007, the revise comment of trade by AMA (American Marketing Association) illustrates that marketing is a re primary(prenominal)s of vale dealings in e ssence.Briefly, all forms of uncorrupteds should be regarded as service. Goods be the natural expression of superstar or more capabilities, and crossway is the main type that companies offer, while service, according to Vargo and Lusch (2004), is the application of specialized competencys (knowledge and skills). Stephen L. Vargo Robert F. Lusch (2004) too explained that marketing has shifted from the goods-dominant logic (G-D Logic) to servicedominant logic (S-D Logic) which is applicable to all marketing offers (Vargo and Lusch, 2004). They further identified that in fact, all economy is the service economy, and point of intersection is just the carrier and physical appearance of the service (Vargo and Lusch, 2004). App arntly, what firms offer is the physical carrefour, tho in fact all what they supply is just one salmagundi of service, one root word. Kotler (1977) indicated that the real splendor of return to us is non the ownership only when the service that we could get from them. Also, there is a ontogenesis concentrate on services in the marketing because service sedulousness dominants the worlds economy nowadays, for example, eighty percent of the contemporary U.S. GDP is derived from the services industry, which employs over 80% of all employees (Ford and Bowen, 2008).The S-D logic intimates a very incompatible kind of purpose and growth for marketing activity and for the firm as a whole to provide service to stakeholders, including guests, stockholders, and employees (Lusch and Vargo 2006, p. 283). All companies should notice that the real implication of serve-dominant logic is the guest satisfaction not the continual change and return of products, unless this kind of introduction and improvement is for better requiteing customer postulate. Firms artifice focus on improving products quality and technology would let them treat the change of customer needs, which ordain keep them away from customers. Whenever companie s can rich person the service-dominant view, they result be more rational to pip strategies. Especially when managing turn by innovation, firms will not only keep an eye on the product itself merely develop the production more streamlined found on the services need to be satisfied. So under the serve-dominant logic, firms should setoffly be customer-oriented, continually satisfy customer needs then firms should enhance the service awareness and improve service quality, which is a fundamental approach to take up advanced customer, nominate customer satisfaction and cultivate customer inscription (Brodie and Little, 2006).A significant change over the 100 years is that customers could actively favor their favourite products from only passively accept corporate product. This is the case of the market contestation, is the inevitable phenomenon among the transformation from the sellers market to the buyers market. In the traditional product times, corporate implement the market-and-sell producing appreciate, producers and consumers are completely separated ( baker, 2003, P454). In the past, companies blindly manufacture, ignoring whether or not customers will accept, what they only care is selling products surface for profit. However, this method isnt effective allmore because current customers have a round of alternative choices, part of them are even finicky, they will only choose the product and service satisfying their needs, they will not waste any interest on anything they dont alike. In con billetration of this situation, more and more companies belong smarter. They abandon the obsolete production concept, turning to use the sense and chemical reaction marketing view as the guide, impute customers in the core frame of the corporate operation. More than that, firms moment 1 to involve customers in the process of product design, producing, evaluation. During the whole process of protect human beings, customers is no longer a passiv ely accepter, but be regarded as the co-producer. The key element of place creation is to cooperate with customers (Normannand Ramirez, 1993).Thus it can be seen that, customer participation is marvelous important to companies, the interaction between customers and firms is extremely important, especially for the future corporate. In his book future shock, Alvin Toffer explained the upcoming experiential industry, in which customers would not only satisfy with the basic functions products and services offer, they would be free to allocate high percentages of their salaries to live amazing escorts (Toffler, 1994). In this kind of experience economy, companies will never again simply produce goods, but become an experience platform, co- induce value with the customers. Dell and Starbucks are both good examples.Corporate could be regarded as an aggregation of various resources, validly managing these resources could create profit and value. Firms used to believe that manifest reso urces such as the land, equipment, and materials are the most important assets, because without these resources, companies are unable to organize manufacture. However, in the current service-dominant times, the key resources have changed to be in perceptible resources like knowledge, experience, technology and innovation etc (Vargo and Lusch, 2004). It can be said that they are base of corporate competence and core capability. This is not to say that those tangible resources are not important any more, but that their importance has comparably diminished, which is because that the buyers market is the dominant in the current economic environment, customers have unprecedented wide range of choices and their needs are escalating, only the high knowledge and technology based products will be favoured by customers. On the other hand, simple physical product without high knowledge and technology is losing competence, which prompts companies to transfer to the knowledge and technology inte nsive ones. Constantin and Lusch (1994) defined the physical and natural resources to be the operand resources, while the knowledge, technology and innovation kind of resources are be defined as the operant resources (Constantin and Lusch, 1994). This transaction of the focus of resource reveals one fact which is that current corporate competition is no longer the simple competition based on the product, but the full competition based on the knowledge, technology and human resources. If attach to want to be the winner in such intensively war-ridden environment, it must set up its own core capability and combative advantage. Modern corporations more and more emphasize on transferring value from the tangible resources to intangible resources, insisting on creating corporate value by means of operant resources (Vargo and Lusch, 2004).S-D Logic emphasizes that knowledge is the fundamental source of emulous advantage, as based on a firms ability to make divers(prenominal)iated use of training flow throughout its value creation chain of suppliers, distributors, and customers (Ford and Bowen, 2008). Also, the transaction of focus of resources requires corporate to make an important change on strategies, which is to be the learning organization. Only learning could increase the group knowledge, experience etc intangible assets in the organization, could create core value. Firms not only need to carry out the internal learning, but as well turn its care to the spaciouser external environment and the whole value chain. Not only requires adaptational learning but as well as innovative learning.It is indicated by S-D Logic that customer value is created through service experiences and bloods, especially in the co-creation and sharing of resources, including skills and knowledge (Aitken and Ballantyne etc all, 2006). Within the S-D Logic, the customers is a prosumer and co-creator of value, which can principal benefits to both themselves and service providers (Baker, 2003, P461). In the product times, value is almost decided by the producer, value is included in the tangible resources, reflect on the product however, in the current service times, value is decide by the consumers. Whether or not one product is valuable, how more value it has, thats not producers call, after consumers judgment, its value is embodied in the consumers learning and acceptance. So this is like that a drop of water is much more valuable than a diamond in the dessert, which is determined by peoples needs. The definition of Customer Perceived Value (CPV) given by Kotler (2003) is the difference between the prospective customers evaluation of all benefits and all the costs of an offering and the perceive alternatives (Kotler, 2003, P60). So it can be seen that value relies on customers perception and judgement to a Brobdingnagian extent. Customers will make their most important judgments of value received through direct service interactions with firms and on service-ability of goods-in-use (Ballantyne and Aitken, 2007). It can also be said that the time-logic of marketing exchange is open-ended, from pre-sale service interaction to post-sale value-in-use (Ballantyne and Varey, 2006).Baker (2003) said that all marketing is about value proposition. (Baker, 2003, P452). The service-dominant logic brings marketing innovation to the fore through the sharing of untried ideas and knowledge within the firm, and between the firm and key customers and suppliers (Aitken and Ballantyne etc all, 2006). The effect of transition of value goal on strategy is that corporate must implement the innovation process and service progress based on the customers, play close attention to their need, opinions and suggestions, which means that marketing research, product test need to be taken regularly, ensuring customer needs could be satisfied. It is the only way to receive customers designation and acceptance and let the value of product could express. Als o, firms need to maintain motionless long-term relationship with customers, set up various social, structural and activated connections to enhance customer loyalty and customer spirit value (Aitken and Ballantyne etc all, 2006).Lean solution which fits the S-D logic and the customers role as co-creator could be applied by companies make hands-on strategies, such as continuing improvements, do it right the first time, and management commitment (baker, 2003, P467). Also, there are rough principles should be followed (Baker, 2003, P467 Womack and Jones, 2005b, P61) cream the customers problem completed by ensuring that all the goods and services work, and work together.Do not waste the customers time.Provide exactly what the customer wants.Provide what is treasured exactly where it is wanted.Provide what is wanted where it is wanted exactly when it is wanted.Continually union solutions to bring down the customers time and hassle.In the service times, companies more and more sep arate the importance of customers who are the direct origin of profit. Old trading ideas do not emphasize the relationship with customers, ignoring customer needs and satisfaction lead to gilds reducing profit and increasing costs. With the further deepen understanding, more and more emphasize on the core position of customers, companies gradually recognize the importance to keep the relationship with customers. This is also one result of the continual knowledge of marketing theories applied to practices. During the process of development, many new concepts have been put forward, such as the Customer Lifetime Value ( 155), Customer affinity oversight (CRM), and Customer Equity (Kotler, 2003). Managers find out it is contingent to reduce costs on one side, and attract more new customers by word-of mouth to receive more profit on the other side through building relationship with customers and maintaining customer loyalty.Strategically, corporate choose customers more carefully, t hey find out that it is not effective to be indiscriminate customer choosing. Companies discover that not all of the customers are profitable some customers will even bring negative gearing to them, which is because the too high cost to get customers and/or too short customer lifetime circle, and this is called the lost-for-good customers type. Sherden proposed to change the 20-80 rule with the next 20-80-30, first 20% of customers contribute with 80% to the go-ahead profit and half of these profits are used to cover the enterprise losses generated by the last 30% of the unprofitable customers (Sherden, 1994). According to this situation, companies start to consider how to measure customer value, how to identify profitable customers, which lead to the CLV evaluation. What companies could do is to model profit on both an annual theme and on a CLV basis to determine customer value in terms of potential profits and CLV (Christopher, Payne and Ballantyne, 2002, P63). For example, El ectro plc equanimous data analyze its customer acquisition and retention economics at the fraction level, by doing so it can clearly identify which segment need to be concentrated on and which one is the waste of investment (Christopher, Payne and Ballantyne, 2002, P53). finished this assessment, companies could find out the most important customers and abandon those unprofitable customers. And soak up different marketing strategies and different resource distribution (such as different pricing policies, quality and level of service) to different categories of customers. Firms very focus on building up stable long-term relationship to achieve the supplier-customer win-win relationship (Baker, 2003, P469). IBM is good at it CRM, it can make the best use of both opportunity contacting with customers to impress them and increase loyalty to company, and finally enhance corporate profit and reduce cost (IBM, 2009). For example, its CRM outsourcing service provide reliable methods, new ideas and innovative thinking to help firms enhance customer-oriented marketing, sales and the effectiveness and efficient of services (IBM, 2009).When companies are pursuing the long-term development, especially when we hope to build a permanent operating institution, we must have a broad view, not only focus on customers current value, but also create and enhance customers lifetime value. Firstly, companies need to go over the quality of its products could satisfy customers need then, companies need to be able to provide good outgo experience to attract customer participation and build their loyalty to your filth. tactical manoeuvre could be that firms not only provide after-sale service, but actively offer lifetime service, cultivate lifetime customers, create lifetime value in further (Lusch, Vargo, and Malter 2006).CRM regards that the total value of the firms customer base is an important device driver of company profitability (Kotler, 2003, P52). In order to set up a comprehensive customer database, high-quality, timely, and accurate information need to be collected such as customers demographics, past purchase etc and then put into a data warehouse. And the database could be used by companies on marketing like to identify customer response, make attractive or timely offers ect. However, Kotler (2003) also identified three problems of database marketing firstly, companies need to spend a large investment in computer hardware, database, software, analytical programs, communication links, and skilled force play to build and maintain a customer database secondly, it is difficult to get everyone in the company to be customer-oriented in and to use the available information thirdly, customer may not want to keep a relationship with the company, some of whom may even think that their personal information should not be collected (Kotler, 2003, P55). And some real examples tell us that the database marketing is not helpful to every companys CRM, reasons of failure of CRM implementation could be the high cost, disadvantageously designed system, ignorance by collaborators (Kotler, 2003, P56).Conclusively, we are facing a totally different consumption and marketing environment, so we should also change our ideological insertion of making strategies. Major changes include that marketing has shifted from the goods-dominant logic to servicedominant logic customers could actively choose their favourite products the key resources have changed to be intangible resources customers become a co-creator of value maintaining customer relationship becomes more and more important to companies. So strategic and tactical implications to companies are be customer-oriented, continually satisfy customer needs enhance the service consciousness and improve service quality increase customer participation marketing research, product test need to be taken regularly to ensure customer needs could be satisfied carry out adaptive learning and innovative lea rning within the company. Two main types of benefits could be brought to companies reduce costs and increase profit and value through CRM. However, the sign investment is expensive, and it is hard to make ensure everyone one in the company could be customer-oriented, also, some customers may refuse to maintain relationship with firms. dodging is the direction and scope of an organization over the long term, and the tactics is the proper(postnominal) actions implementing strategy( toiletson and Scholes, 2002, P 10). late Definition of Marketing (est. in 2007) Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large( AMA, 2007).Future shock is a book written by the sociologist and futurologist Alvin Toffer in 1970The Pareto principle ( also knows the 20-80 rule) states that it is possible for 80% of the companys profit to be provided by 20% of the total number of customers (Sherden, 1994).Customer lifetime value (CLV) is defined as the net shew value of the future profit flow over a customers lifetime (Christopher, Payne and Ballantyne, 2002, P62)According to Bill Inmon (1992), a data warehouse is a database that contains the following four characteristics subject oriented, non-volatile, integrated and time variant (Todman, 2001, P32).BibliographyKotler, Philip (1977), Marketing Management Analysis, Planning, Implementation, and Control, 3d ed. focal ratio Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall.Crosby, Philip (1979). Quality is Free. New York McGraw-Hill. 0-07-014512-1.New Scientist, 19 March 1994, pp. 22-25.Harvard Business Review, 71, July/August, 1993, pp. 65-77Sherden W.A. (1994) Market Ownership the artistic creation and Science of Becoming no 1, New York,AmaconChris Todman (2001) Designing a info Warehouse supporting customer relationship Management. Hewlett-packard Company, Prentice Hall PTR, pep pill saddle river, N ew Jersey 07548Johnson, G. and K. Scholes (2002). Exploring corporate strategy TEXT ONLY. Harlow, Financial times Prentice Hall.Martin Christopher, Adrian Payne, David Ballantyne (2002) Relationship marketing creating stakeholder value. Oxford Butterworth-Heinemann, 2002.Kotler, Philip (2003), Marketing Management 11th (international) ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall.Baker, Michael John (2003) The marketing book (5th Edition) Oxford Butterworth-Heinemann. Printed and cumber in Great Britain by the Bathe Press, BathS. L. Vargo and R. F. Lusch (2004). Evolving to a new dominant logic for marketing. Journal of Marketing, 68117, January 2004.Brodie, R.J., Glynn, M.S. and Little, V. (2006), The service brand and the service-dominant logic missing fundamental premise or the need for stronger conjecture?, Marketing Theory, Vol. 6 No. 3, pp. 363-79.Robert F. Lusch, Stephen L. Vargo (2006) Service-dominant logic reactions, reflections and refinements Marketing Theory, Vol. 6, N o. 3, 281-288 (2006)Robert Aitken, David Ballantyne. Phil Osborne and John Williams (2006)Introduction to the special issue on the service-dominant logic of marketinginsights from The Otago forum Marketing Theory 2006 6 275Lusch, R.F. and S.L. Vargo, Eds. (2006). The Service-Dominant Logic of Marketing. Armonk, New York M.E. Sharpe.Lusch, R.F., S.L. Vargo, A. Malter (2006). Marketing as Service-Exchange Taking aLeadership Role in Global Marketing Management, Organizational Dynamics (forthcoming).David Ballantyne and Robert Aitken (2007)Branding in B2B markets insights from the service-dominant logic of marketing, Journal of Business industrial Marketing Volume 22 Number 6 2007 363371 q Emerald Group make Limited ISSN 0885-8624AMA (2007, December 17, 2007 ). AMA Definition of Marketing . Retrieved 7th Nov 2009, from http//www.marketingpower.com/Community/ spark/Pages/Additional/Definition/default.aspx.ROBERT C. FORD and DAVID E. BOWEN (2008) A Service-Dominant Logic for Managem ent fostering Its Time. Academy of Management Learning Education, 2008, Vol. 7, No. 2, 224243.IBM (2009) Build sustainable competitive advantage and accelerate time-to-benefit in marketing, sales and servicehttp//www-935.ibm.com/services/th/index.wss/offerfamily/gts/e1028096 (Available) Accessed on 13th Nov, 2009

Case summary and examination of Obstetrics Posting

Case abridgment and examination of Obstetrics Posting brothel keeper NTR is a 34 long time old Malay lady with gravida 4 and parity 3, currently at 37 weeks of gestations. She was admitted on 21st Nov 2010 at gestational age of 30 weeks and 1 sidereal day, due to referral from Health Clinic Sendayan in view of placenta previa based on ultrasound findings during a r out(p)ine antenatal visit. Her estimated date of delivery was on 20th Jan 2011. She was asymptomatic with no complaints of per vaginal eject, compressing pain, leaking liquor or show. Fetal movements were felt and were non reduced. She has no history of placenta previa in her anterior pregnancies.The offshoot day of her last normal menstrual period was on 15th Apr 2010. This was an unexpected maternal quality but both her and her maintain valued it. She suspected she was pregnant when she missed her menses for 4 weeks. She confirmed her gestation after urine pregnancy test done in a private clinic yielded positi ve result. Booking was done in Maternal and babe Health Clinic Gadong at 16 weeks of gestation and the dating scan at 16 weeks revealed parameters corresponding to date. However, placenta was noted to be low lying during that scan. throughout her routine antenatal visits, she was normotensive, not anaemic and did not have diabetes mellitus. human immunodeficiency virus and VDRL test were negative. Her blood group type is O Rh Dpositive.This is her fourth pregnancy. Her third pregnancy was in the year of 2007. She delivered a adept term mollycoddle male child with birth weight of 2.6 kg via ces theatren section delivery due to breech presentation in Hospital Tuanku Jaafar Seremban. She delivered her first two children who are both males in the year of 2004 and 2005 via spontaneous vaginal delivery, with birth weight of 4.26kg and 2.6kg respectively. thither was no history of shoulder dystocia. either her children were born alive and s intumesce up. Antenatal, natal and postna tal for all previous pregnancies were un even outtful.She attain menarche at the age of 12. It is regular at 28 to 30 eld cycle with duration of 5 to 7 days. There was neither dysmenorrhea nor menorrhagia. She skilled coitus interuptus as contraceptive measure. She never had any PAP bemire done previously.Past surgical, medical exam and drug history were unremark competent. Family history was unremarkable. She and her husband are married for 7 years. They are staying together with their three children in Gadong Jaya Village. She is a housewife. She neither smokes nor drinks alcohol. On the other hand, her husband works as a construction worker. He is a smoker but not alcoholic. Family income is approximately RM2000 per month which is barely adequate for their living.Physical examination noble fair sex NTR was alert, conscious and communicative. She was not in pain or respiratory distress. Her natural elevation and weight are 165cm and 76kg respectively. Her blood pressure was 110/80 mmHg thump rate was 86 beats per minute of regular rhythm and unfluctuating volume temperature was 37 C respiratory rate was 19 breaths per minute. every vital signs were within normal range. Upon general examination, there was no conjunctival pallor, sclera jaundice, palmar erythema or peripheral cyanosis. Thyroid glands were not plain and breast examination was unremarkable. There was bilateral pedal edema up to mid-shin. Cardiopulmonary examination was unremarkable.Upon examination of the abdomen, it was distended with a gravid womb. Linea nigra and striae gravidarum were visible. There was a tranverse scar, measuring 12cm, located above pubic symphysis. Distension appeared to be corresponding to gestational age. The umbilicus was flattened. On light palpation, the abdomen was fragile and non-tender. Uterus was not irritable. Symphysiofundal height was 38 cm which was corresponding to gestational age. It was a singleton pregnancy with transverse dissimulation and ce phalic presentation. The liquor was adequate. Estimated fetal weight was 3.0-3.2kg. Fetal heart sound was 160 beats per minute.Investigations climb moon Blood Count revealed normal haemoglobin take (10.9g/dL).Transabdominal Sonography(TAS) revealed transverse lie foetus with the presence of fetal activity, estimated fetal weight of 3.19kg at 37 weeks of gestation, anterior placenta previa type 3 (placenta previa major) with evidence of placenta accreta at one area over bladder base. The images besides demonstrated placental lacunae, gross amplification in vascularity of cervix which is suggestive of placenta accreta.DiagnosisAnterior placenta previa type 3 with possible placenta accreta.ManagementUpon admission, brothel keeper NTRs vital signs were taken. Cannula was inserted and blood was taken for respectable blood look at investigation and blood group cross-matching. Madam NTR was as considerably as given the explanation to keep her in ward until delivery and the take a im of her pregnancy. She was encouraged to rest in bed and decrease activity train to avoid expel. Ultrasound was performed to confirm the diagnosis of placenta previa.She was then monitored for any contractions or bleeding. Madam NTRs pad chart, fetal kick chart and labour pregnancy chart were strictly monitored. Fetal heart rate was assessed 4 hourly with Daptone. Cardiotocography was done regularly and it was normal. She was given a course of IM dexamethasone 12mg BD of 1 day duration at 30 weeks of gestation. Full blood count investigation was performed once weekly and transabdominal sonography was carried out once in every 2 weeks throughout admission. Anemia should be corrected if present.Madam NTR was withal prescribed ferrous fumarate, folic acid, vitamin B complex as well as ascorbic acid. She was eventually planned for an elective caesarean delivery on 5th Jan 2011 at 37 weeks of gestational age. Prior to that, she was counseled about find of haemorrhage and orifice o f hysterectomy to be done during physical attend to as well as option of hidebound management etc. Written informed harmonize was taken from both her husband and her.ProgressionThroughout the admission, she was homey and her vital signs were all normal. She had no any episodes of vaginal bleed, leaking liquor, show, uterine contraction and pain. She was not anaemic as evidenced by normal value of her haemoglobin levels. The intimately recent haemoglobin value was 10.9g/dl. Fetal upbeat was assured as evidenced by normal CTG results. She and her fetus remained horse barn until the scheduled operation date.A day prior to that, she was kept postcode by mouth. Packed cell blood was ready for transfusion if needed. after(prenominal) delivery of the fetus, manual removal of the placenta was done and placenta accreta was free-base to be at the anterior bed of lower segment of the uterus. She developed a colossal uterine haemorrhage and a hysterectomy was performed. 3 units of packed cells (1 litre in arrive) were transfused intraoperatively. The operation lasted for 1 hour and 15 minutes.She delivered a baby boy weighs 3.2kg with Apgar s onus of 6 at first minute and 9 at fifth minute of life. After being assessed by paediatrician, he was execute to the mother. Estimated blood loss was 2.8 litres. Explanation about intraoperative findings and the decision of be sterilise to proceed to hysterectomy was given to Madam NTR. Postoperatively, she remained hemodynamically stable. Post operative haemoglobin level was 12g/dl. She was able to ambulate and tolerate orally on third day after operation despite minimal pain over operation site. She did not complain of shortness of breath, palpitation, chest pain or sura pain.Baby was pink, active and well with no jaundice. Breastfeeding was established. Both of the mother and baby were discharged on 7th Jan 2011and subsequent follow-up was scheduled to be 2 months later. She should be arranged for mental review and management as termination of fertility can sometimes cause withering psychological impact to women.DiscussionWhat other alternatives that Madam NTR has other than hysterectomy in the sheath of placenta accreta? Is hysterectomy absolutely indicated in Madam NTR?Mainstay traditional management has centred upon hysterectomy which has a mettlesome complication rate and terminates fertility of a woman. It can also cause devastating psychological consequences. While in vast mass of teddys hysterectomy will remain appropriate, there are other management options visible(prenominal) involving ultraconservative greetes. The main nonsurgical conservative management would be to retract the placenta undisturbed in situ for it to be resorbed or to be passed spontaneously. It is expected that bleeding will remain minimal with this approach. This enables fertility to be preserved even though leaving the placenta in situ has implications for infection and recurrence.Loc Sentilhes et al. (1) concludes thatsuccessful conservative management for placenta accreta does not compromise the patients subsequent fertility or obstetrical outcome but there is a high lay on the line that placenta accreta whitethorn recur during future pregnancies. FlorenceBretelle et al.(2) conducted a retrospective study in which 50 cases of placenta accreta were studied and 26 patients (52%) were treated conservatively. 21 of them (80.7%) did not undergo hysterectomy and 3 women had successful pregnancy during follow-up. This further proves that treated patient with placenta accreta selectively with conservative approach enables fertility to be preserved without increasing morbidity.However, conservative approach is usually considered only when bleeding is minimal. In this case of Madam NTR, there was severe haemorrhage encountered after delivery of fetus. Conservative management such(prenominal) as leaving the placenta in situ will lead to severe postnatal hemorrhage or even maternal death . Uterine compression suture to stop the bleeding was not able to be performed as her uterus was too fragile to hold the sutures. Therefore, hysterectomy is absolutely indicated in the case of Madam NTR for her safety. This is her fourth pregnancy therefore termination of fertility is not a major concern in her as discussed previously prior to obtaining her consent.As Madam NTR was planned for a high risk surgery with possibility of hysterectomy, counseling and obtaining written informed consent prior to surgery lick a vital role. After being counseled, Madam NTR stated that she had minute understanding about her situation and the surgery but not to the full understanding due to inability to fully comprehend medical terminologies used. The research here would be Has the tending doctor done his duties well plentiful and is patients autonomy protected in this context?Informed consent is the core principle of modern medical practice. The primary aim of the consent process is to pr otect patients autonomy. Patients have the right to refuse medical care, even when it message they will die. This surgery is associated with high complication rate, termination of fertility and devastating psychological consequences to patient. Therefore, educating and informing her about her healthcare options, advantages and disadvantages associated with recommended management as well as other alternatives are very crucial.The point is not barely to disclose information, but to ensure patients comprehension of relevant information. Unfortunately, very a good deal that doctor are disclosing information presuming that patients with different level of maturity, education level, heathenish background and native language will be able to comprehend. On top of that, doctors are so used to medical terminologies and it is often found difficult to disclose medical information in laymans terminologies. Majority of patients whom I encounter were not aggressive in seeking opportunities to raise questions to attending doctors, especially during ward round whereby patient will be ring by specialist accompanied by medical officers, housemen and medical students. altogether these further jeopardize patients autonomy to exercise personal choice with total comprehension of relevant medical issues.In the case of Madam NTR, she and her husband should first of all be told what a placenta is before explaining to them about placenta praevia. Subsequently, attending doctor should explain to her the reason vaginal delivery was not able to be carried out as the placenta covers the entrance to the womb (cervix) entirely, which is known as major placenta praevia. Therefore, caesarean delivery is absolutely indicated and it will be conducted by experienced obstetrician and anaesthetist on duty. If an emergency arises, a adviser will be present.Risk of severe bleeding from placenta praevia which can empower the life of the mother and baby in danger should be show therefore explai ning the purpose of blood group cross- matching for blood transfusion. She should also be informed that rarely, placenta praevia may be complicated by a problem known as placenta accreta, when the placenta is abnormally attached to the womb, making disengagement at the time of birth difficult. Most of the time, it will pass out spontaneously. However, if the bleeding continues and cannot be controlled, removing the womb has to be done to control the bleeding after consideration of conservative approaches such as leaving it in situ with possibility of recurrence or infection fails.She has to be told to fast prior to operation. Choices of analgesia should be discussed with anesthesiologist in relation to risks and advantages for each option. Lastly and most importantly is to assure her that the healthcare team will recommend the beat out way for both her and her baby and at the same time, she has the right to be fully informed about her health care and to share in making decisions a bout it.Under the law, the doctor has a duty of medical care to give adequate information about the proposed medical treatment. The bump of informed consent in todays legal setting is more normally interpreted as negligence when the doctor has not disclosed the risk of procedure and when the risk occurs, causing harm to patient. In the English case of Wells v Surrey Area Health Authority (3), a 36-year-old woman with 2 children, was advised to proceed to caesarean delivery after elongated labour. She was in exhausted state when she was suggested to be sterilized during the surgery and consent was signed and sterilization was done. When she recovered, she complained that consent was invalid as it was taken when she was mentally confused. She sued the doctor for assault and battery for operation was done without consent as well as for negligence as information regarding sterilization was not given at all.In conclusion, informed consent should be salutary in the correct way, especia lly in obstetrics and gynaecology, an area with high risk of medico-legal perspectives, to provide best treatment and management to patient and fetus as well as protecting doctors from being sued for negligence.

When Different Kinds Of Organisms Interact

When opposite Kinds Of Organisms InteractMicro existences, as the name suggests, ar extremely minute beingnesss which argon impossible to be observed by the naked eyes. Due to their size, they argon mostly interpreted as world single-celled organisms and include unlike types of organisms in their classification bacterium, viruses, fungus kingdom, archaea and protists. Also, there ar some animals which be so small that they need to be visualized under microscope for their structure to be determined, hence be termed as microscopic animals. While most of the microorganisms, due to their ability to interrupt with the normal cellular activities of early(a) living organisms, be considered mostly as being pathogenic, they ar as well as advantageous in a considerable number of ship kindleal and their locality in nature makes them crucial for the balance of the ecosystem.When unlike kinds of organisms act with each separate for living, the cover of symbiosis continues. The symbiosis can occur through with(predicate) the fusion of one organism into the separate known as endosymbiosis or just through the extracellular communication of the organisms known as ectosymbiosis. The interaction among these organisms can occur in disparate take ins much(prenominal) as mutualism where both of the organisms associate to benefit from each different, commensalism where one organism is in an advantageous stage while the other re primary(prenominal)s immaterial with no gain or loss and parasitism where an organism takes the benefits for its survival by harming the other organism it is attached with (Prescott, 1999).The symbiotic behaviour of the microorganisms which helps them in forming distinguishable kind of relationships much(prenominal) as mutualism and commensalism with different kinds of animals has proved to be very beneficial for them. One of the significant benefits has been the aid provided by the microorganisms during the digestion of alim ent in the intestinal tract of the animals. For example the presence of the microbial environmental science inside the carcass of ruminant animals has played a huge role in the food digestion parade in spite of appearance their rumen. Ruminant animals, which depend primarily on grasses and other fibre-rich full work onments, gain cellulose after food consumption to tag on their high implore for energy. However, the lack of natural enzyme inside their bodies can be counter effective during the cellular activities of these animals. This problem is over deign by different microorganisms found inside the rumen of the ruminants much(prenominal) as ciliated protozoa, anaerobiotic fungi and many bacterial species such as Fibrobacter succinogenes and Ruminococcus albus which provide enzymes for interruption down cellulose to various ampere-second products such as glucose for energy. These organisms which create carbon cycle within the trunk of ruminants ar important in providi ng constituent(a) compounds, proteins and vitamins to the animals (Wallace, 2008). Also, there are other organisms such as riff-cutting insects which heavily bank on different types of bacteria for their nutrition. These bacteria belonging to different families such as Enterobacteriacaea and different genera such as Prevotella, Ruminococcus, Klebsiella, etc., which together form a fungal population, acquire the capability of degrading the fibres that constitute the cell walls of the plant. These polymers are hydrolysed into smaller monomers due to the fungal activities and are very expedient for these leaf-cutting insects such as ants to achieve energy for survival. The relationship of the fungus and the leaf-cutting insects is mutual as the insects which work on the fungus help the microorganisms by sheltering them in a safe and facilitated environment within the leaves (Suen et.al. 2010).Not all animals, but microorganisms, with their efficiency in creating symbiosis with di fferent living creatures, have been very helpful for the growth and maintenance of huge variety of plants in many numbers of ways. The roots are the main pathways for the absorption of different nutritional components needed for the plants to survive and grow. To do so, they come in contact with the soil hence fixing the plants into stationary position. This demesne of the interaction of the plant roots and the soil is called the rhizosphere. The rhizosphere contains a number of microorganisms which form mutualistic relationship with the plants, therefore allowing both of the plants and the microorganisms to exist and function normally. Different types of microorganisms such as the fungal garble, Trichoderma viride, are very important in protect the soil against pathogens by producing antibiotics. This is crucial for the plants as it helps them to avoid different infirmitys. alike this, plants tie different molecules synthesised by different microorganisms display in the regio n to support their development. Some of the molecules include plant hormones such as gibberellic blistering becomed by the fungus, Gibberella fujikuro, cytokinins, auxins, etc., along with various other components such as aminic battery-acids, sugars and vitamins which help the plants to grow and maintain their structure (Starkey, 1958). Along with different positive molecules, several inorganic factors are withal needed for ensuring the growth of plants. Among these, northward is considered to be a vital aspect for the plant development. Nitrogen gases, which persist the earths atmosphere, cannot be employ directly by the plant materials and so need to be converted into various nitrogen containing compounds. During this process of nitrogen fixing, different microorganisms come into play making it possible for the plants to absorb the compounds.Among different types of plants, leguminous plants use different bacteria such as Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium for the fixing of nitr ogen. These bacteria enter into the plants by piercing through the walls and the epidermis of the root cells and ultimately giving rise to the nodules. After the entry, the microorganisms run active for nitrogen fixation at the site called bacteroids present within the nodule. The nodules likewise contain leghemoglobin which have features similar to that of haemoglobin in valet de chambre beings. The ability of these molecules to provide oxygen is very important for the bacteroids to maintain their adenosine triphosphate level and also for the nodules to give their red colour. The darkness of the nodule helps in determining the degree of N2 fixation. Besides the symbiotic relation of Rhizobium and leguminous plants, the interaction between the bacteria and other non-leguminous plants such as Parasponia andersonii also occurs to fix the nitrogen. Apart from Rhizobium, several other bacteria such as Frankia form symbiotic relationship with various dicotyledonous plants for the adm inistration of the nodules. These nodules, in presence of sufficient oxygen, increase their nitrogenous activity and help in fixing nitrogen required for the growth and development of plants (Burris et.al. 1992).Likewise, different microorganisms also play huge role in the area of biotechnology. The use of the biotechnology which has not bad(p) impact in different fields such as medicine, agriculture, engineering, etc. make use of biological organisms and are involved in some sort of industrial processes. This also includes food technology which has been enormously influenced by the use of microorganisms during the process. One of the important aspects of the food technology where microorganisms are utilised includes fermentation. Fermentation is the process of oxidising the sugar molecules such as carbohydrates for the geological formation of smaller molecules such as alcohol and carbon dioxide which are concurrently reduced in an oxygen deprived environment. So, the fermentat ion process has been used for the production of different kinds of alcohol such as wine where different strains of yeast such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces ellipsoideus are used to extract the alcoholic content from the carbohydrates as well as beer which are elevated by the fermentation of starch obtained from cereals employ other strains of yeast such as Saccharomyces carlsbergensis (Prescott, 1999).Besides producing alcohol, milk can also be fermented to produce lactic acid which is useful in dairy farm products such as yogurt, cream, cheese, butter, etc. To synthesise these products, different lactic acid bacteria belonging to various genera such as Lactococcus, Lactobacilli, Enterococci, Streptococci, etc. are used during the fermentation process. Different strains of these bacteria are used in different ways to achieve the desired product such as the bacteria Lactobacilli bulagricus and Streptococcus thermophilus provide the milk with good texture and pure t one giving yogurt as the end product. However, the inability of some other bacteria such as Lactobacillus acidophilus to provide texture leaves the milk only with considerable acidity (Acidophilus milk). This is one of the useful products of milk fermentation (Vuyst 2000). Also, the process of earnings making is highly affected by the bacterial strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae which ferment different saccharides such as glucose and fructose present naturally in the dough, sucrose added by the baker and maltose produced through the breakdown of starch into acids. The fermentation converts the sugars into acids such as CO2, hence providing the bread with the needed texture, taste and odour (Attfield et.al. 2001). In addition to these, fermentation attention has been proved to be very advantageous to meet the high demand of antibiotics whilst maintaining the economy during their production. These antibiotics are generated from the growth of microorganisms such as different strains of fungus genus Penicillium and are known as secondary metabolites. This rapid production of antibiotics is useful in different areas ranging from human bodies to soil to combat different pathogens and other harmful microbes (Wilkinson, 1975).Along with the use of the microorganisms in different fields of biotechnology, rapid development has been observed in the genetic engineering where the desoxyribonucleic acid of an organism is special using several means such as enzymes and vectors and recombinant DNA is obtained that is used to for benefits. Microorganisms have been modified for different medical purposes. The proteins that have the potential of treating certain diseases or illness have been extracted through the genetically modified microorganisms. The alternation of genes in an organism to treat diseases known as gene therapy makes great use of different strains of bacteria such as Salmonella, Shigella, Listeria as well as Escherichia coli and certain types of yeast (Vassaux et.al. 2005). Among these, there has been significant achievement in the cancer treatment through the use of modified microorganisms. Various microorganisms such belonging to the strains of Clostridium, Bifidobacterium, Salmonella, Mycobacterium, Bacillus and Listeria, which are either obligate anaerobic or facultative anaerobic, have the ability of supressing the tumour growth by playing as anticancer agents and hence targeting the overgrowing cells (Bernades et.al. 2010). Similarly, the use of vaccines has been very important to treat different diseases such as small pox, measles, mumps, polio, etc. These vaccines which are inserted into organisms bodies harbor several antigens and so induce the immune response within the body systems. The production of these useful antigens is possible through the different microbial strains of bacteria and viruses such as Staphylococcuscarnosus, Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, etc. which are weakened and are used as carriers for the antigens. This causes the antibodies against certain pathogens to be produced inside the living body of the organisms (Schoen et al. 2007).The technique of genetically modifying microorganisms has been of great use in the field of agriculture. Different bacteria such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens are used to produce recombinant DNA with desired gene and are transferred into the plants in order to produce different plant growth hormones and hence increase crop productivity. Also, the genes from other bacteria such as Bacillus thuringiensis have been transformed using recombinant DNA technology and inserted into the plant cells of different types such as tomato plant and tobacco enabling them to resist against diseases caused by the pests. Besides different pests, fungi and insects, the frost formation can also disturb the normal take foring out of cells in many agricultural crops. There are several biological agents that can induce in the nucleation of ice layer in the leaf sur faces. To reduce the effects of these agents, several microorganisms such as ice-minus strain of genus Pseudomonas syringae bacteria, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Erwinia herbicola, etc. are used to protect the plants against ice formation (Atlas, 1998).With so many benefits and many more such as in treatment of sewages and wastes, energy recovery through large production of biomass that are brought through the use of microorganisms, they can hardly be considered as disease causing agents. All the advantages are very necessary to maintain the equalizer of the environment and to benefit human beings during daily survivals. While the pathogenic organisms that carry diseases need to be controlled from growth, attempt of eradicating the microorganisms completely from the ecosystem needs to be avoided as this can counter balance the positive effects carried by them and can induce a serious threat to the survival of some other organisms in the living system.

Private Limited Companies Advantages and Disadvantages

Private Limited Companies Advantages and Disadvantages m one(a)tary Accounting Is the breeding to earn decisions related to the makeups, it begins with the principles, concepts, and applications of fiscal accounting.Financial Accounting follows a crop of triumphs and commandment cognize as accounting concepts, accounting policies, and procedures akin the entity and prepayments.Financial Accounting explains for us what argon the financial conjure upments, tells us what be the rules of legislation while they are getting prepared, fork overs us how the financial accounts are prepared, helps us to determine how the various fields of tune work together. It also controls tracks of companys financial barter like the cash flow and cash inflow.It put forwards stakeholders with official culture like for Example balance sheet account, reach and loss account, trade account.Sole principal It is owned by barely one person, that has no ex achievement legislation and has one or more employees, their main invention is to make arrive at.Sole Trader AdvantagesThey stick out make decisions easily and rapidlyOwner trick control anything.Less legal formalities.It is simple to designate upSole Trader DisadvantagesLack of capital.They stomach to work and intend hard beca map For Example If the owner is sick, they give non be able to work.Unlimited liability. all(prenominal)iance is among 2 to 20 partners or dealholders that deeds together and lightheaded to dance bandup, the owners share with each separate the meshings or losses of their business, and their main aim is to make profit.Advantages of a PartnershipIt is easy to setup by the deed of partnershipMore capital is available. in that respect are few paper to work onDisadvantages of a PartnershipLack of goals to be achievedUnlimited liability moolah energize to be divided between the partnersPrivate Limited smart set Is cognize as ( LTD), it must moderate one or more director, they do non need a trading diploma, and it offers limited liability to its shareholders that it places current limits on its ownership.Advantages of Private Limited attach toLimited liability.More undecomposed than the status of a mend trader.Disadvantages of Private Limited CompanyThe potentiometer tax has to be paid.Can non sell shares to human beings.Public Limited Company Is known as PLC , its a company whose shares may be purchased by the public and whose share capital is non less than a statutory minimum, and must have minimum 2 directors.Advantages of a Public Limited Companygreater borrowing powerthe shareholders have limited liabilityshareholders can sell their shares freely to publicDisadvantages of A Public Limited CompanyThe personal touch may be lostPublished accounts have to be preparedDifficult to control and manageToo umteen legal formalitiesClubs It is the business that is connected from two or more people that has the kindred goal that they ask to achieve. Their main objective is to provide dish ups to the commwholeyCharities It is known as the charities that we know for foundation like Dubai cares.Their main objective is to help other peoples or countries that are ineffectual to pay for their needs and wants.The Advantages of being a CharityThe Charity job can provide advice and learning to assist a charity administration.Charities are not liable to pay Corporation Tax which is charged on clubs, societies and voluntary organisations.The Disadvantages of Being a CharityLimited rules that are carried on by charities.Trustees are not usually allowed to benefit financially from the charity.Companies strike ( 1985 )Is the act of the congress of the UK, which result help the companies to register and to set responsibilities of the companies, their secretaries and directors.The act was the instance of consolidation of many other pieces of company legislation, and was one parting part of the rules governing companies, it was governed by its own articles of relationship.The act is utilise only to companies that get out form into a legal corporation under it, or under older companys acts.In the act limited liability partnerships, sole traders, and partnerships were not governed by it.Companies Act (1989)Is an act to amend the police relating to the accounts of company, to make stark naked furnishs, to amend the companies act 1985 with respect of powers to get information, to create new provision with respect to the registration of charges in the company and to modify the law related to companies, to rephrase the fair trading act 1973, to allow provision to be make.Partnership Act (1890)Its the relation which exists between persons holding on a business in common with the affect of profit.No touch on is to be charged on drawings.Profits and losses are overlap equally among partners.The relation between members of any company likeIt is not a partnership within the meaning of this actRegistered as a company u nder the companies act 1862Rules for Determining Existence of PartnershipTo circumscribe whether a partnership does or does not exist, you should follow the rulesreefer property, Joint tenancy, tenancy in common, common property, or part ownership does not of itself create a partnership, whether the owners do or do not share any profits made by the useThe sharing of complete(a) does not create a partnership, whether the persons sharing returns have or have not a common right or interest in any propertyAccounting ConceptsBusiness Entity ConceptsIt is a separated business and completely different from the owner at that business. It also can be applied to limited business like the charities.The owners personal spending is not enter in the books at the business. The owners personal dealings appear in the book is when the introductions capital or makes drawings.MaterialityIt is a rule which applies to the materials that are not always included in accounting rule its applied to sole t raders, partnership, limited companies, clubs and charities.Going Concern ConceptsIt is the story that business will continue operating in the future except if there a strong evidence or if there a weak evidence, the care for is not interpreted from their break-up value which is the amount that they can sell it in a slow way.In final accounts of a business one of them prepares on the basis that there is no intension to close land the business.Accruals (Matching) ConceptsIt is the income that will be received in some trading, lost profit and loss accounts. They should be given out from time to time to be paid. It also allows some people to go against other accounts if the amounts were so little(a) that will be misled, in another words its when we have use something in a period of time. E.g. bill phone, gas bill, and water bill. oversight ConceptsIt states that the inventory and the profits should not be expected but also included in the profit and loss account.This concept is kn own as conservation, If we applied this concept ensures that the account present a practical pictures of the state of the business. This concept is applied for making provisions for reduction of debts and stock valuation. trunk ConceptsIt is a way that accounting method uses it to there business, and the business has to keep on using it from time to another.In some areas of accounting a choice of method is available, and when it will be chosen, then they should apply it systematically from years to years.Money Measurement ConceptsIt shows the transactions that can be utilize in monetary basis and in using measuring unit for financial reports.The account at a business only records the information which can be expressed in monetary terms. The value of a good manager that contains loyal work force, high stall morale, will make great benefits to the business.Historical Cost ConceptsIt is the account that asset the damage and the balance sheet that is based to an original cost when t he company enquire it.Duality (Double Entry) ConceptsIt is only one account that is joined together.For every transaction there is aspect in accounting that is made on the basis. A giving and a receiving is known as Dual Concept of all transaction. This is known as double entry.Principles of Relevance ConceptsIt is a fact that is known to be gathered from one point of view and keep it.reliablenessIt is a degree of person, measure, or object.It is outstanding that profit is only save when it has actually been realise. Profits are not regarded as being take in when a customer places an order for goods. Profit is regarded as being earned at the time of goods or services pars to the customers.ComparabilityIt is the quality of the things that is apply in business.Information in financial statements in a business can be more useful. it is compared with similar information about the same business for some other period of time or with other similar information about other business.Und erstand abilityIts how you understand the others and be able to talk and communicate to them.Information should not be omitted from the financial statements because it is believed it is too complex for users to understand financial statements must be capable of being understood by the users of those statements.PrinciplesThey have two types in UK and USIn US they have a lot of rules but when they prepare for their account they use the rule book and if it doesnt cover the rules, the rule book is approved to be used.In UK there is a general law applied to the accounting practice, but the only difference between US and UK that in UK they have an over riding requirements, the account has to be required it is called true and fair viewsConventionsIt is rules and procedures which are followed by all the establishment it also guides the organization for the preparation of their accounts.Rules and Procedures Which Apply To Financial StatementsFinancial statement shows only the business that c an be given in a monetary terms.DepreciationIt is a company that has the free choice in choosing the company policies, procedures, and also it will affect on the reduction of the cash amount that is used in your normal time in life.The organization has two methods to choose fromthe straight line depreciationreducing balances distributively method of them will result with a different amount of depreciation being charged against the profits.Bad DebtsThe balance sheet reflects the amount of the cash that the organizations owing it from sales, there is a lot of debtors that may not be able to pay the full amount. SoThe organizations need to allow a percentage of bad depts.The organization can choose what percentage they want and when to write the bad debts to make a provision, at the end it will affect the over all profit recorded.Provision for Doubtful DebtsIt is a small amount that is set aside for something very expensive or something will happen later in the future (Debtors who m ay not pay their bills to the company) , they usual state the percentage of the great trade debtors.In future accounting, the profit periods would be twisted if the entity suffered a whole series of bad debts. So it seems cautious to allow for the chance that some debts may become bad.AccrualsIt is an amount due for a service provided during a particular(a) accounting period but still not paid for at the end of it.We should include them in our accounting before the year ends to show the true and fair views the organization need to ensure that this accounts is complying with accounting concepts.The appendage will be included in the amount charged to the profit and loss account for the period as part of the cost of the service provided.PrepaymentsIt is an amount paid in cash during an accounting period for a provision that will be provided in a later period.Prepayments made will be deducted from the amount charged to the profit and loss account. evaluation of StockIt should be valu ed at the lower cost and to be on the net value to observe with the conservative and caution concept.It has deuce-ace main methods of valuing stockFIFOLIFOAVCOEach will work to different value and will affect the profit level.The Similarities and Differences of Sole Trader and PartnershipSole TradersIt is owned by only one person. single has to keep careful evidence if he is self-employed.If the business falters his personal assets are likely to be liquidated.They dont need to divide there profit.Its easy to set up.PartnershipsIts owned by two or more people together.Profits are shared either equally or as per the terms given.If profits are to be shared, so are the liabilities too.Partners can profit from limited liability and collect tax advantages.Application of Accounting Conventions and RegulationsWe have in accounting a concept called true and fair view which help to ensure that accounting information is presented accurately and consistently.The most ordinarily encountered convention is the historical cost conventionThis requires transactions to be recorded at the price ruling at the time, and for assets to be valued at their original cost.Under the historical cost convention, therefore, no account is taken of changing prices in the economy.And there are other conventions in accounting we can summarize as followsMonetary Measurement Like hands skill, morale, market leadership, brand recognition, quality of managementAnd the accountants should not account for items unless they can be quantified in monetary terms.An important convention.. The concept of materiality is an important issue for auditors of financial accounts.

Spousal Abuse in Sweat by Zora Neale Hurston :: Zora Neale Hurston, short story

You sho is one aggravatin nigger woman this is only one example of the abhorrence in Zora Neale Hurstons perfectly story, Sweat. Spousal shout out is a very common issue in todays society. Hurston represents this form of abuse through the way the married man talks to his wife and the way he treats her.Delia is a hard-working woman who is very obedient and faithful to her husband, Sykes. Through harsh words, he cuts her ware rough her work of washing white folks clothes and her looks saying that he hates skinny woman. Delias appearance resembles her hard work, with knuckly hands from using the washboard. Delia has put many hard- clear tears, blood, and sweat into her house while supporting Sykes habits and taking all the abuse he could dish out. On many occasions Sykes has cut down Delia and her kind nature, even to her religious beliefs, accusing her of being a hipocrite because she worked on the Sabbath day.Sykes not only abused Delia emotionally but also physically. unriva led night after an argument between the two where Delia actually had the endurance to stand up to him, Sykes got into to bed and threatened that, he oughter mash her in her mouf fuh draft copy dat s stamp outet on him. After they been married only a short few months he gave her the first beating. Others in town knew of the abuse Delia suffered from. unmatched gentlemen from town made the comment one day, Sykes done beat Delia nough tuh kill three women. Many people in the town had little to no respect for Sykes because he beat Delia and Sykes even tried making offers with presents to nearly of the other mens wives.Besides physical and emotional abuse Delia had to put up with amiable abuse from her husband. At one time, Sykes put a snake in the grass into a soap box to scare Delia. Knowing that Delia had an enormous cultism of snakes, not to mention anything as small as an earthworm. Other mental and emotional abuse was that Sykes ran another woman in town, making it cognize t o Delia and everyone else in town. He made it no secret when he was departure to see Bertha, his mistress. The only thing Delia ever said about his amour was, that ole snaggle-toothed black woman you runnin with aint comin heah to pile up on mah sweat and blood.